{"id":269722,"date":"2022-11-17T08:25:31","date_gmt":"2022-11-17T06:25:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/almowatna.news\/?p=269722"},"modified":"2022-11-17T08:25:31","modified_gmt":"2022-11-17T06:25:31","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a-1876-1956-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%b3%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/almowatna.news\/?p=269722","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a( 1876- 1956 ) \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 115"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0635 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645 \u201d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u201d \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n

( \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a :- \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u061b \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u061b \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 305 \u061b \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 :- \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u061b \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 12 \u064813 ) \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1902 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0641\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1905 \u061b \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u061b \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633( 1899- 1925 ) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u061b \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u061b \u062b\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u061b \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u061b \u0641\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0642\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0629 ( 1864- 1944) \u064a\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627 \u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u061b \u0631\u0634\u062d\u0647 \u0643\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 ( 1831- 1927 ) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u061b \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u061b \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 5 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1920 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u061b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u061b \u0623\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u00a0<\/a><\/strong>\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a>\u00a0<\/a>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u061b \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0634\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0633 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a \u061b \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0647 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n

( \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u2013 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u2013 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u2013- \u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0645\u2013 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u2013 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0634\u0648\u0637 \u2013 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u2013 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 )<\/strong><\/p>\n

( \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a :- \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 17- 20 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0632\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0644 ( 1859- 1927 ) \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a 18 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1921 \u2013 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633 (1897- 1942 ) \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u00a0\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633<\/a>\u00a0\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1925 ) ( \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 21 \u2013 27 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1930 \u061b \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u061b \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0637\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u061b \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0639\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0634\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062f\u064a\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u064a 12 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1930 \u061b \u0641\u0627\u0648\u0641\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u061b \u0641\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0648\u0641\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a 2 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1930 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645 \u201d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u201d .<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1935 \u061b \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u061b \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0633 \u0641\u064a 21 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1942 \u061b \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u061b \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u061b \u0641\u0638\u0644 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u061b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u061b \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 32 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u061b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u061b \u0641\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u064a 13 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1944 ( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0635\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u061b \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u061b \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 308 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0641\u064a 31 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0633\u0637\u0633 1945 \u061b \u0631\u0634\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a ( 1894- 1954 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u061b \u0641\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u064a 26 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1946 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627<\/strong>\u00a0\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u061b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 ( 1920- 1965 ) \u0628\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u061b \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0628\u0637\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 ( 831 \u2013 849 \u0645 ) \u0641\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0646 ( 786- 833 \u0645 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0628\u0637\u0631\u0643<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u061b \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 :-<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645 17 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1946 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

2- \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 22 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1946 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

( \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 :- \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u061b \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 39 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u061b \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n

1-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0641\u064a 1 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u061b \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u061b \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a ( \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a ) \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 ( \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

2-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0627 ( 1895- 1971 ) \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 27 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0628\u0631 1948 \u061b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u061b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 8 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1907 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

3- \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u064a :- \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f+-\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0633 .-\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 . -\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f . -\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f . \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u062d\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a 11 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

4 -\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 9 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1952 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 ( \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 ) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u061b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064a \u061b \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 ( \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 43 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

4- \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 ( \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u2013 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c- \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0632\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0644 \u2026.. \u0627\u0644\u062e ) ( \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u061b \u0635\u0641\u062d\u062a\u064a 43 \u064844 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

5-\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0635\u0645\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u061b \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f ( \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f ) \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0645\u0635 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

6- \u062a\u0634\u064a\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0641\u064a 30 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1955 \u061b \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u062a\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u201d \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u201d .<\/strong><\/p>\n

( \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a :_ \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 39- 44 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u061b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 :-<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u0633 :- \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062b\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/a>\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u061b \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 Eton \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u061b \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u061b \u0648\u0646\u0635\u062d\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u061b \u0641\u0641\u0632\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u061b \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u201d \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0643 \u061b \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u201d \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u201d \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0649\u0645\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u061b \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u201c\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u061f \u061b \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u201d \u0622\u0645\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u061b \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a \u061b \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0627 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u061b \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u061b \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 :-<\/strong><\/p>\n

1-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0635\u0645\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

2-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

3-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062d \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0634\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0631\u0642\u0645 117 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

4-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a ) . \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u061b \u0641\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u201d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u201d \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u061b \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 ( \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u064a\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 ( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f ) \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u0637\u0633 ( \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

( \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a ) . ( \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a :- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 :- \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u061b \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a \u061b \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u061b 1989 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 92- 99 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

2-\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u0633 :- \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u061b \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0625\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u061b \u062f\u0639\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645 \u201d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u201d ( \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u0633 ) \u061b \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0648\u0645 13 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1953 \u0628\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0646\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u061b \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 ( \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u00a0\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/a>\u00a0\u0637\u0646\u0637\u0627 \u2013 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0624\u0633 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0642\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0642 \u2013 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u2013 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u063a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u2026.. \u0627\u0644\u062e ) ( \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 :- \u062d\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0635\u0631 Coptic History ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

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3- \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0648\u062a \u0628\u0643 :- \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u0648\u062f ( 1937- 2010 ) \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1949 \u061b \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 5 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1949 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u201c\u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a \u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u061b \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u0642\u062f \u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 ! !<\/strong><\/p>\n

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5-\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 :- \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a ( 1910- 1994 ) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u201d \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633 ( \u0628) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 ( 68- 72 ) \u061b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 21 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1954 \u061b \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u201d \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u201d \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0644\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a 2000 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a 17 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1954 \u061b \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a 17 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 1954 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 ( \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0648\u062a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629- \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u2013 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2013 ) ( \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 72 \u061b \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 46 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

6 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 :- \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u061b \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

1-\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u201d \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u201d .<\/strong><\/p>\n

2-\u062a\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0646\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u061b \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1951 . 3-\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u201d \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u201d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u00a0\u0645\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646<\/a>\u00a0\u061b \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u061b \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1952 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

4- \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 ( \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643- \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0638\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627 \u2013 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0642\u0633 \u0634\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0647\u0637\u0627 \u2013 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u0644\u0641\u0624\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a \u2013 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0633\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0644\u0637\u064a \u2013 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u2013 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u062c \u2013 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f \u2013 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u062f \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u062f ) ( \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 :- \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 :- \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 45- 48 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

5- \u0623\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u00a0\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633<\/a>\u00a0\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 18 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1948 \u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u061b \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u061b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1951 \u061b \u0648\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1952 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u061b \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a 4 \u06485 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1947 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

( \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 :- \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062d\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 53 \u064854 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a :<\/strong><\/p>\n

1- \u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627 (1897- 1950 ) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 22 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u064a 4 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1948 \u061b \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u061b \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633 \u061b \u0641\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u061b \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u201d \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0638\u0629 \u201d \u0639\u0627\u0645 1947 \u061b \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a \u0641\u0642\u0637 ( \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 :<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 :- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 173 \u0648 174 )<\/strong><\/p>\n

2- \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062f . \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u061b \u0623\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633 \u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 12 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1954 \u061b \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a .<\/strong><\/p>\n

3-\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0642\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1954 \u061b \u062d\u0636\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u064a\u0633\u064a \u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

4- \u0623\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 ( 15- 31 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1954 ) \u061b \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647 ( \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

5-\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u061b \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u061b \u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0634\u0628\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a 25 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1955 \u061b\u0648\u0631\u062d\u0628 \u0628\u0647\u00a0\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 27 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u061b \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0631 \u061b \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 ( \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0637\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0631\u0632\u0642 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u061b \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

( \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 :- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a \u2013 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 69- 72 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

6 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 3000000 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 :- \u0641\u0641\u064a 31 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1949 \u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0634\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0628\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 3000000 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0641\u064a 27 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1950 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645 \u201d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0642\u0633 \u201d \u061b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u061b \u0641\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0634\u0648\u064a \u061b \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u064a\u0648\u0645 3 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1952 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0642\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0642\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0636\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 ( \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 :- \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 :- \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 49 \u064850 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

6-\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u061b \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 ( \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u061b \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 51 \u064852 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

7- \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a ( 1922- 2002 ) \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u061b \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1946 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

8-\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 25 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1948 ( \u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 :- \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 52 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n

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1-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u061b \u0648\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0627\u0621 14 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1956 ( \u0644\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 :- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0635\u0645\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 310- 318 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u062e\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a :- \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u201d \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633 ( 1919- 1995 ) \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u061b \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u201d \u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u201d .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633 ( 1919- 2001 ) \u061b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0623\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u201d \u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u061b \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u061b \u062b\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u0647 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0629 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 :-<\/strong><\/p>\n

1-\u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0631\u064a :- \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633 ( \u0628 ) \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1928- 1952 \u061b \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0629 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

2- \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a :- \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u061b \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u061b 2011 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 305- 332 ).<\/strong><\/p>\n

3-\u0645\u062c\u062f\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0633 :- \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0629 ( 115 ) \u061b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u061b \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2006 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

4-\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a :- \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u061b \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0629 \u061b 2002 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 69 \u2013 72 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

5-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644 :- \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u2026 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a \u061b \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1989 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 92- 99 . 5-\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0635\u0631 Coptic History :- \u062d\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a \u061b \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a .<\/strong><\/p>\n

6-\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 :- \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u061b \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1949 \u061b \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 42 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

7- \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633 :- \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u061b \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 ( 71- 74 ) .<\/strong><\/p>\n

8-\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0637\u064a\u0629 :- \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u061b\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u061b \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2005 \u061b \u0635\u0641\u062d\u062a\u064a 173 \u0648174 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

9-\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644 :- \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0628\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u061b \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 47 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

10- \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1954 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

11-\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u062c\u0631\u062c\u0633 \u062d\u0646\u0627 Gerges Hanna:- \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e 27 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 2020<\/strong><\/p>\n

12- \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0634\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 .<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\/ \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u061b \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 . \u0648\u062d\u0633\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a ( 1911 \u2013 1938 ) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u201d \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u201d \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":56,"featured_media":269723,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[54],"tags":[84606],"class_list":["post-269722","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-54","tag-84606"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a( 1876- 1956 ) \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 115 | \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"http:\/\/almowatna.news\/?p=269722\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ar_AR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a( 1876- 1956 ) \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645 115 | \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\/ \u0645\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 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